Description

Buy 3-4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) Cas 4764-17-4

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine and MDxx families that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug.^[4][5][6] It is usually taken orally.^[4][6] In terms of its pharmacology, MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and a serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor.^[4] It has a duration of 5 to 8 hours or around 6 hours typically.^[4][3][2] MDA has a long history of psychotherapeutic and recreational use that predates that of MDMA, dating back to at least the mid-1960s.^[4][7][5] It has been described as the first entactogen.^[3] MDA has also been described as probably the most popular analogue of MDMA.^[7] In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal. MDA is bought, sold, and used as a recreational drug due to its enhancement of mood and empathy.^[8] It produces MDMA-like effects, including entactogenic and stimulant effects, as well as mild psychedelic effects.^{[3][9][10][2]} The dose range of MDA given in Alexander Shulgin's book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved) and other sources is 80 to 160 mg.^[6][4] A wider recreational dose range for MDA of 20 to 200 mg or more, with a typical dose estimate of 90 mg, has also been reported.^[11] The dose range of MDA is very similar to that of MDMA.^{[6][4][11][3]} The effects of MDA include euphoria, empathy, emotional amplification, relaxation, feeling at peace with the world, increased introspection, self-awareness, and acceptance, authenticity, clarity of thought, a desire to communicate with others and relate personal issues, and emotional bonding with others.^[4][12][13] These effects led to MDA being called the "love drug" or "hug drug".^[12][6] MDA also produces mild psychedelic effects, including brightened colors, closed-eye visuals or complex mental imagery, synaesthesia, and rarely mild hallucinations.^[4][3] It does not produce profound sensory disruption or overt hallucinations.^[12][13] In any case, the drug has still been found to produce mystical or spiritual experiences.^[9][3] MDA shares most of MDMA's qualitative and emotional effects, including entactogenic and stimulant effects.^[4][13][3] However, it has been said to be slightly less stimulating than MDMA.^[4][3] Conversely, a clinical study found that it was more stimulating than MDMA.^[2] In addition, MDA's hallucinogenic effects are much greater than those of MDMA, although still less than those of classical psychedelics like psilocybin.^{[4][12][3][2]} Another difference between the two drugs is that MDA appears to produce a more introverted and emotionally intense prosocial state, while MDMA encourages a more extroverted and gregarious prosocial state.^[3] MDA produces more negative "bad drug effects" and fear than MDMA.^[2] Besides its psychoactive effects, MDA produces sympathomimetic effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, among other physiological effects.^[7][13][3] In terms of the individual enantiomers of MDA, (R)-MDA produces psychedelic effects and some entactogenic effects, while (S)-MDA is non-hallucinogenic, produces similar entactogenic effects as the racemate, and has considerable stimulant effects.^[12][13][6] High doses of enantiopure (R)-MDA, in the range of 120 to 200 mg, are described as closely resembling the effects of LSD, for instance doses of 200 to 400 μg.^[13][14] Enantiopure (R)-MDA at high doses produces more robust psychedelic effects than typical doses of racemic MDA.^[13][14][6] The duration of MDA is about 5 to 8 hours and is about 2 hours longer than that of MDMA (3–6 hours).^[4][3][2] Shulgin originally gave a duration of MDA of 8 to 12 hours in PiHKAL, but he later revised this down to only 3 to 6 hours.^[6] Modern clinical studies have given an average duration of 6 to 8 hours with a range of 0.9 to 10 hours.^[3][2] The drug's onset is 0.7 hours (range 0.3 to 1.1 hours) and its time to peak effects is 2.0 hours (range 1.0 to 3.5 hours).^[2] Side effects of MDA include sympathomimetic effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure as well as increased cortisol and prolactin levels.^[3][10] Symptoms of acute toxicity may include agitation, sweating, increased blood pressure and heart rate, dramatic increase in body temperature, convulsions, and death. Death is usually caused by cardiac effects and subsequent hemorrhaging in the brain (stroke).^{[15][medical citation needed]} A 450 mg intravenous injection of MDA was found to result in death in one case.^[16]

Activities of MDA

Target	Affinity (Ki, nM)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter	5,600–>10,000 (Ki) 478–4,900 (IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration) 160–162 (EC50Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration) (rat)
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter	13,000 (Ki) 150–420 (IC50) 47–108 (EC50) (rat)
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter	>26,000 (Ki) 890–20,500 (IC50) 106–190 (EC50) (rat)
5-HT1A	3,762–>10,000
5-HT1B	>10,000
5-HT1D	>10,000
5-HT1E	>10,000
5-HT1F	ND
5-HT2A	3,200–>10,000 (Ki) 630–1,767 (EC50) 57–99% (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy)
5-HT2B	91–100 (Ki) 190–850 (EC50) 51–80% (Emax)
5-HT2C	3,000–6,418 (Ki) 98–4,800 (EC50) 79–118% (Emax)
5-HT3	>10,000
5-HT4	ND
5-HT5A	>10,000
5-HT6	>10,000
5-HT7	3,548
α1A	8,700–>10,000
α1B	>10,000
α1D	ND
α2A	1,100–2,600
α2B	690
α2C	229
β1, β2	>10,000
D1–D5	>10,000–>20,000
H1–H4	>10,000–>13,000
M1–M5	ND
nACh	ND
TAAR1	220–250 (Ki) (rat) 740 (EC50) (rat) 86% (Emax) (rat) 160–180 (Ki) (mouse) 580 (EC50) (mouse) 102% (Emax) (rat) 3,600 (EC50) (human) 11% (Emax) (human)
I1	>10,000
σ1, σ2	ND
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. Proteins are human unless otherwise specified. Refs:[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] [24][25][26][27]

MDA is a substrate of the serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and vesicular monoamine transporters, and in relation to this, acts as a reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (that is, it is an SNDRATooltip serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent).^[4][28] It is also an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT_2A,^[29] 5-HT_2B,^[30] and 5-HT_2C receptors^[31] and shows affinity for the α_2A-, α_2B-, and α_2C-adrenergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₇ receptors.^[32] In addition to its actions as a monoamine releasing agent, MDA is a potent high-efficacy partial agonist or full agonist of the rodent TAAR1.^[26][27] Conversely, MDA is much weaker in terms of potency as an agonist of the human TAAR1.^[26][27][33] Moreover, MDA acts as a very weak partial agonist or antagonist of the human TAAR1 rather than as an efficacious agonist.^[26][27] TAAR1 activation is thought to auto-inhibit and constrain the effects of amphetamines that act as TAAR1 agonists, for instance MDMA in rodents.^{[34][35][36][37]} MDA fully substitutes for MDMA in rodent drug discrimination tests.^[4] However, its prosocial effects in rodents are said to not fully resemble those of MDMA.^[7][38] MDA also substitutes for stimulants like dextroamphetamine and cocaine in drug discrimination tests.^[4][7][12] The (S)-optical isomer of MDA is more potent than the (R)-optical isomer as a psychostimulant, possessing greater activity at the monoamine transporters.^[4][12] MDA and (R)-MDA but not (S)-MDA fully substitute for serotonergic psychedelics including DOM, LSD, and mescaline.^[4][39][7] Similarly, MDA and (R)-MDA produce the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in rodents.^[39] However, the head-twitch response they produce is very weak in magnitude compared to other related psychedelics such as the DOx drugs.^[39] On the other hand, the response is more similar in magnitude to that of Ariadne.^[39] In terms of the subjective and behavioral effects of MDA, it is thought that serotonin release is required for its entactogenic effects, dopamine release is required for its euphoriant (rewarding and addictive) effects, dopamine and norepinephrine release are required for its psychostimulant effects, and direct agonism of the serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor is required for its mild psychedelic effects.^[4] The entactogenic effects of drugs like MDA are thought to dependent on a precise balance of serotonin and dopamine release as well as serotonin receptor agonism.^{[40][41][42][43][3]} The longer duration of MDA compared to MDMA appears to be related to pharmacodynamics as opposed to pharmacokinetics, for instance the effects of MDA depending relatively more on serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonism than on serotonin release.^[3] MDA can produce serotonergic neurotoxic effects in rodents.^[4][44][45] This might in part be due to metabolism of MDA.^[46] In addition, MDA activates a response of the neuroglia, though this subsides after use.^[44]   The pharmacokinetics of MDA have been studied.^[3][54] Its duration of action has been reported to be about 6 to 8 hours.^[9] The duration of MDA is longer than that of MDMA, about 8 hours for MDA versus 6 hours for MDMA.^[3][54] The elimination half-life of MDA is 10.9 hours.^[3] Differences in the duration of MDA versus MDMA may be due pharmacodynamics rather than pharmacokinetics.^[3][54] MDA is a substituted methylenedioxylated phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative.^[6] In relation to other phenethylamines and amphetamines, it is the 3,4-methylenedioxy and α-methyl derivative of phenethylamine, the 3,4-methylenedioxy derivative of amphetamine, and the N-desmethyl derivative of MDMA.^[6] The compound is a racemic mixture of (S)- and (R)-enantiomers, (S)-MDA and (R)-MDA.^[6]